When a customer checks out, their shipping rate is calculated based on the products in their cart, the state they're shipping to, and the fulfillment method they select. The system looks at each product's shipping bottle size and matches it to the rate table for that bottle size and the customer's zone. It then multiplies that rate by the quantity of that bottle size in the cart.
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This article explains in more detail how these rules combine to calculate a customer's shipping cost. If you haven't set up these settings yet, start with Set Your Fulfillment Methods and Rates. See Shipping Discounts as well to understand which options are available for discounting shipping.

Each column in a rate grid represents a zone. Every state is assigned a Default Zone on the Ship-To States & Taxes page:
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The Default Zone can be overridden per shipping method in a State if a particular method needs a different zone assignment. Overrides are applied on the State Details page by going to Settings > Ship-To States & Taxes and selecting the Edit button. This is where you can set the zone overrides for each method per State:
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Every fulfillment method has a separate rate table for each bottle size enabled on the account (for example, 750mL, 1.5L, 375mL). When a customer checks out, the system checks the shipping bottle size set on each product in the cart and routes it to the matching rate table.

Each rate grid has a fixed number of rows, one per bottle quantity. When an order's bottle count passes the last row, the grid loops back to the top and charges again rather than continuing to use the last row's rate.
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EXAMPLE: If a grid's last row is 12 bottles at $25:

If a Flat Rate Shipping Charge is configured on the table, it caps the charge once the trigger quantity is met instead of looping — see Shipping Discounts for how that's set up. Flat rates only apply to the 750mL rate table.

When a cart contains more than one bottle size, each size is calculated independently against its own rate table and zone column, then the results are added together. Shipping charges for different bottle sizes don't combine into a single quantity lookup — they stack.
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EXAMPLE: A cart with 6 bottles of 750mL wine and 6 bottles of 1.5L wine is charged the 750mL rate table's 6-bottle row plus the 1.5L rate table's 6-bottle row — not the combined 12-bottle row of either table.

You can update how many rows appear for different bottle sizes. You can find this under Settings > Fulfillment Methods & Rates. Then, at the bottom of the page under Bottle Sizes, Cubing, & California Redemption Value (CRV).
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The open cell to the right of each bottle size sets the maximum box capacity for that bottle size, which is the most units your fulfillment house can fit in one box (for example, 12 for 750mL).
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This same number also determines how many rows the rate grid displays. Setting it higher than what a box actually holds will generate extra rows on the rate table, but this doesn't reflect a real packing scenario.